Article

Role of Drug-coated Balloons in Small-vessel Coronary Artery Disease

Register or Login to View PDF Permissions
Permissions× For commercial reprint enquiries please contact Springer Healthcare: ReprintsWarehouse@springernature.com.

For permissions and non-commercial reprint enquiries, please visit Copyright.com to start a request.

For author reprints, please email rob.barclay@radcliffe-group.com.
Average (ratings)
No ratings
Your rating

Abstract

Percutaneous coronary intervention of small-vessel coronary artery disease (SVD) remains challenging due to difficulties with device delivery and high restenosis rate, even with the use of newer-generation drug-eluting stents. Drug-coated balloons represent an attractive emerging percutaneous coronary intervention option in patients with SVD. Potential advantages of drug-coated balloons in SVD include enhanced deliverability because of their small profile, avoidance of foreign-body implantation, and shorter duration of dual antiplatelet therapy.

Disclosure:EB: consulting/speaker honoraria from Abbott Vascular, American Heart Association (associate editor, Circulation), Boston Scientific, Cardiovascular Innovations Foundation (Board of Directors), CSI, Elsevier, GE Healthcare, InfraRedx, and Medtronic; research support from Siemens, Regeneron, and Osprey; shareholder MHI Ventures; board of trustees, Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. The other authors have have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Received:

Accepted:

Correspondence Details:Emmanouil S Brilakis, Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, 920 E 28th Street #300, Minneapolis, MN 55407. E: esbrilakis@gmail.com

Copyright Statement:

The copyright in this work belongs to Radcliffe Medical Media. Only articles clearly marked with the CC BY-NC logo are published with the Creative Commons by Attribution Licence. The CC BY-NC option was not available for Radcliffe journals before 1 January 2019. Articles marked ‘Open Access’ but not marked ‘CC BY-NC’ are made freely accessible at the time of publication but are subject to standard copyright law regarding reproduction and distribution. Permission is required for reuse of this content.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of small-vessel coronary artery disease (SVD) is challenging because of difficulties with equipment delivery and high restenosis rates. Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) are an attractive emerging PCI option for patients with SVD.

Small-vessel coronary artery disease

SVD was defined in the Intracoronary Stenting or Angioplasty for Restenosis Reduction in Small Arteries (ISAR-SMART) trial as coronary lesions in a vessel with a reference diameter (RVD) of <2.8 mm.1 In current practice, the term “very small-vessel coronary artery disease“ (CAD) is often used when the RVD is 2.0–2.25 mm.2,3 Approximately 40–50% of coronary lesions occur in small vessels,4 and 30–50% of coronary interventions are performed for SVD lesions.5 SVD is commonly associated with female sex, old age, diabetes, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and long lesion length.6,7

Balloon Angioplasty and Bare Metal Stents

PCI in patients with SVD can be challenging because of higher risk for procedural complications, such as dissection and perforation, as well as long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE).4,8,9,10,11 Historically, the use of balloon angioplasty (BA) in SVD has been associated with high restenosis rates due to elastic recoil and negative remodeling.12 In the ISAR-SMART trial, bare metal stents (BMS) were not superior to BA in 404 patients with SVD.1 A large meta-analysis published in 2005, however, which included 4,383 patients with SVD, demonstrated lower incidence of repeat revascularization with BMS over BA – 14.9% versus 18.7%, OR 0.76 (95% CI [0.61–0.95]) p=0.02 – with no difference in MI (1.3% versus 1.7%, p=0.18) or mortality (3.1% versus 4.2%, p=0.42).13 However, BMS remained associated with unacceptable rates of repeat revascularization and MACE at 14.9% and 17.6% respectively.13

First-generation Drug-eluting Stents

Drug-eluting stents (DES) were developed aiming to reduce the risk of in-stent restenosis (ISR) compared with BMS.14,15 DES were superior to BMS in SVD in multiple studies.16–18 The risk of ISR with first-generation DES (paclitaxel-eluting stents [PES] and sirolimus-eluting stents [SES]) in SVD, however, remained high.19,20 This higher rate of restenosis with first-generation DES was attributed to sustained drug release and the inflammatory effect of the polymer, causing delayed healing, and paradoxical vasoconstriction with exercise in the stented segments.21–26 Moreover, the use of DES in SVD was associated with a higher risk of stent thrombosis.25,27–29

In the prospective Taxus in Real-life Usage Evaluation (TRUE) registry, the incidence of stent thrombosis was 2.1% at 1 year among 675 patients (926 lesions) with SVD (RVD <2.75 mm) who received PES. Angiographic follow-up, completed in 465 patients (618 lesions) at 4–8 months, demonstrated 15.5% incidence of in-stent restenosis and a 25.2% incidence of in-segment restenosis.25 In 2007, Lee et al. reported 0.4% incidence of stent thrombosis in 1,068 patients (1,269 lesions) with SVD (RVD <2.8 mm) treated with SES after a mean follow-up of 23.2±7.9 months. At 6-month angiographic follow-up (completed in 751 patients with 889 lesions), the incidence of in-stent restenosis and in-segment restenosis was 6.5% and 8.7%, respectively.27 In a study by Briguori et al., the incidence of restenosis in patients who received thick-strut, first-generation DES compared with those who received thin-strut DES were 36% versus 28.5%, respectively (p=0.009).19

Second-generation Drug-eluting Stents

Second-generation DES (zotarolimus-eluting stents [ZES], everolimus-eluting stents [EES] and biolimus-eluting stents [BES]), and smaller-diameter DES specifically designed for SVD (such as the Resolute Onyx®, Medtronic, available in 2.0 mm diameter) were associated with good outcomes and low risk of ISR.30–35

Despite the progress achieved, the small vessel diameter has a limited ability to accommodate neointimal tissue growth, hence ISR and target lesion revascularization (TLR) continue to occur.36 In the prospective, single arm SPIRIT Small Vessel (SPIRIT SV) registry, the 12-month incidence of TLR with XIENCE V nano EES in 150 patients with SVD (RVD <2.5 mm) was 5.1%.37 In the single-arm XIENCE V Everolimus Eluting Coronary Stent System USA Post-Approval (XIENCE V USA) study, the 12-month incidence of TLR in 838 patients with SVD (RVD <2.5 mm) who received XIENCE V EES was 3.1%.38

The BAsel Stent Kosten Effektivitäts Trial (BASKET-SMALL) pilot study randomized 191 patients with SVD to first-generation PES (Taxus Liberté®, Boston Scientific; 91 patients) or a second-generation ZES (Endeavor Sprint®, Medtronic; 100 patients). The incidence of target vessel revascularization (TVR) at 1 year was 6.6% versus 2% for PES and ZES, respectively.39 In a retrospective study of 1,132 patients with SVD (RVD <2.5 mm) who received either a BES (NOBORI®, Terumo; 612 patients) or a cobalt chromium EES (XIENCE V; 520 patients), the incidence of TLR at 2 years was 8.3% versus 8.4% for BES and EES, respectively (p=1.0).40

Drug-coated Balloons

The first trial in humans to study the use of DCBs in peripheral arterial disease lesions was the Local Taxane with Short Exposure for Reduction of Restenosis in Distal Arteries (THUNDER) trial, published in 2008. THUNDER randomized 154 patients with femoropopliteal lesions to angioplasty with paclitaxel versus no paclitaxel and demonstrated that DCB was associated with significantly lower late lumen loss and lower risk of TLR.41 Multiple subsequent studies have shown that DCBs are associated with superior outcomes compared with uncoated BA in femoropopliteal lesions.42

For the treatment of obstructive CAD, DCBs were first considered in 2003 as a potential treatment for ISR after BMS and DES in the Treatment of in-Stent Restenosis by Paclitaxel Coated PTCA Balloons (PACCOCATH–ISR I) trial, which enrolled 52 patients. The study showed significantly lower 6-month late lumen loss compared with uncoated BA.43 Multiple subsequent studies confirmed the effectiveness of DCBs in reducing angiographic late lumen loss in ISR lesions.44–46 Drug-coated balloons were further studied in de novo coronary lesions including bifurcation lesions.47–51

DCBs are semicompliant balloons coated with a highly lipophilic, antiproliferative drug. The most commonly used drug currently is paclitaxel; some newer DCBs use sirolimus.52,53 The drug is delivered to the vessel wall with mechanical balloon expansion, usually for 30–60 seconds, after proper preparation of the vessel.50 The half-life of the drug in the tissue is approximately 2 months, depending on balloon type, coating technique, excipient used, and drug concentration.54,55 Because of these differences, a class effect of DCBs cannot be assumed.56

First-generation DCBs (e.g. DIOR-I®, Eurocor) were used in the early feasibility studies, but outcomes improved with newer-generation DCBs.57 The difference in efficacy has been attributed mainly to the absence of a matrix containing an elution excipient. The newer-generation DCBs (e.g. SeQuent Please®, B Braun) have a matrix consisting of an excipient to enhance lipophilicity, increase local tissue–drug transfer, and facilitate rapid absorption of the drug by the vascular wall. The balloon elution excipient is an important factor affecting the safety and efficacy of DCBs, as it determines the durability of drug dose, the downstream drug dose, the relative uptake by the vessel wall, and the drug retention.58 Different excipients are used in newer-generation DCBs; for example, the contrast agent iopromide is used in the SeQuent Please DCB (B Braun), and urea is used in the IN.PACT Falcon DCB (Medtronic).

Drug-coated Balloons in Small-vessel Disease

The first trial to study the use of DCB in SVD was the single-arm Paclitaxel-Eluting PTCA-Balloon Catheter to Treat Small Vessel (PEPCAD-I) trial in 118 patients with SVD (mean diameter of 2.36 mm) using the SeQuent Please balloon.63 Approximately 30% of the patients required bailout BMS stenting and 18% had ISR at follow-up. Many single-arm registries have since reported favorable outcomes with DCBs in SVD.47,48,64–66

The first randomized trial to compare DCBs to stenting was the Paclitaxel-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent during PCI of small coronary vessels (PICCOLETO) trial that included vessels with RVD <2.75 mm. It was stopped prematurely due to the superiority of the DES arm.67 However, this trial had many limitations: the DCB used was the first-generation DIOR-I DCB, hence tissue delivery of the drug was low; lesion preparation before use of DCBs was performed in <90% of cases; the rate of bailout BMS stenting was high (34%); and many bifurcation lesions were included (22.5%). Moreover, the DES used in the control arm was the first-generation paclitaxel-coated Taxus Liberté. In 2012, the Balloon Elution and Late Loss Optimization (BELLO) trial randomized 182 patients with SVD (mean diameter of 2.15 mm) to the IN.PACT Falcon DCB (90 patients) versus Taxus DES (92 patients). The study demonstrated comparable clinical outcomes at 6 months and up to 3 years.68,69

In 2016, Siontis et al. performed a large network meta-analysis of various PCI treatments for SVD.70 A total of 19 randomized clinical trials involving 5,072 patients were included, and the sirolimus-eluting stents were found to be the most effective treatment for reducing subsequent percentage diameter stenosis, followed by paclitaxel-eluting stents, then DCBs. However, both the PICCOLETO and BELLO studies were included, despite their many limitations, as discussed above. Also, none of the trials used second-generation DESs.

Observational studies were subsequently conducted, showing that DCBs were comparable to second-generation DESs in SVD, even in vessels with a diameter of 2 mm.71,72 The randomized non-inferiority Basel Kosten Effektivitäts Trial–Drug-Coated Balloons versus Drug-Eluting Stents in Small Vessel Interventions 2 (BASKET-SMALL 2) trial was the first and largest trial to compare the use of DCBs and second-generation DES.73 The study randomized 758 patients with SVD (RVD <3 mm) to PCI using the the SeQuent Please DCB or a DES (XIENCE V or Taxus Element). The first-generation Taxus was used in 24% of patients in the DES arm. During 12 months of follow-up, the incidence of MACE was 7.3% versus 7.5% in the DES and DCB arms, respectively (HR 0.97; 95% CI [0.58–1.64], p=0.9180).

Randomized Controlled Trials Studying The Use Of Drug-Coated Balloons

Article image

Percutaneous Treatment Of Small-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease

Article image

The recently published Assess the Efficacy and Safety of RESTORE Paclitaxel Eluting Balloon Versus RESOLUTE Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent for the Treatment of Small Coronary Vessel Disease (RESTORE SVD China) randomized, non-inferiority study compared the Restore® DCB (Cardionovum), a paclitaxel-coated balloon that uses the SAFEPAX matrix, based on an ammonium salt compound, and the RESOLUTE DES in SVD (RVD 2.25–2.75 mm).74 At 9 months, the Restore DCB was noninferior to the RESOLUTE DES for in-segment percent diameter stenosis in 230 patients. At 1 year, the Restore DCB and RESOLUTE DES had comparable incidence of TLF (4.4% versus 2.6%, p=0.72). A recently published meta-analysis of 1,824 patients demonstrated that DCBs had better outcomes than uncoated BA, and comparable angiographic and clinical outcomes with DES in SVD during a mean follow-up of 15 months.75

Most evidence on DCBs was derived from studies of paclitaxel-coated balloons. More recently, the use of sirolimus-coated balloons was reported to have favorable outcomes in 156 patients with SVD enrolled in the single-arm prospective NANOLUTÈ registry.52 At 12 months, the incidence of target lesion revascularization/target vessel revascularization was 2.8%, and the incidence of MACE was 3.8%. The randomized controlled trials studying the outcomes of DCB in SVD are summarized in Table 1.

In clinical practice, the treatment options for patients with SVD include medical therapy alone, BA, or stenting with a DES. Drug-coated balloons provide an alternative option for these difficult-to-treat lesions with outcomes that are comparable to DES in most studies. However, the 2018 European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery guidelines on myocardial revascularization do not support the use of DCB angioplasty for de novo lesions because the published evidence is limited.56

Conclusion

Drug-coated balloons offer an attractive treatment option for patients with SVD due to good deliverability, avoidance of foreign-body implantation, and possibly shorter DAPT duration.

References

  1. Kastrati A, Schomig A, Dirschinger J, et al. A randomized trial comparing stenting with balloon angioplasty in small vessels in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. ISAR-SMART Study Investigators. Intracoronary Stenting or Angioplasty for Restenosis Reduction in Small Arteries. Circulation 2000;102:2593–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  2. Granada JF, Huibregtse BA, Dawkins KD. New stent design for use in small coronary arteries during percutaneous coronary intervention. Med Devices (Auckl) 2010;3:57–66.
    Crossref | PubMed
  3. Nemani L. Small vessel angioplasty. Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women 2017;2:111–8.
    PubMed
  4. Wong P, Lau KW, Lim YL, Oesterle SN. Stent placement for non-STRESS/BENESTENT lesions: a critical review. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000;51:223–33.
    Crossref | PubMed
  5. Akiyama T, Moussa I, Reimers B, et al. Angiographic and clinical outcome following coronary stenting of small vessels: a comparison with coronary stenting of large vessels. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1610–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  6. Solomonica A, Roguin A. Best percutaneous coronary intervention approach for small caliber coronary arteries. J Thorac Dis 2016;8:E1268–70.
    Crossref | PubMed
  7. Al Suwaidi J, Berger PB, Holmes DR Jr. Coronary artery stents. JAMA 2000;284:1828–36.
    Crossref | PubMed
  8. Füssl R, Burkhard-Meier C, et al. Dissection following balloon angioplasty: predictive possibilities using pre-interventional intravascular ultrasonography. Z Kardiol 1995;84:205–15 [in German].
    PubMed
  9. Foley DP, Melkert R, Serruys PW. Influence of coronary vessel size on renarrowing process and late angiographic outcome after successful balloon angioplasty. Circulation 1994;90:1239–51.
    Crossref | PubMed
  10. Elezi S, Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, et al. Vessel size and long-term outcome after coronary stent placement. Circulation 1998;98:1875–80.
    Crossref | PubMed
  11. Serruys PW, Kay IP, Disco C, et al. Periprocedural quantitative coronary angiography after Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation predicts the restenosis rate at six months: results of a meta-analysis of the Belgian Netherlands Stent Study (BENESTENT) I, BENESTENT II pilot, BENESTENT II and MUSIC trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1067–74.
    Crossref | PubMed
  12. Mintz GS. Remodeling and restenosis: observations from serial intravascular ultrasound studies. Curr Interv Cardiol Rep 2000;2:316–25.
    PubMed
  13. Agostoni P, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Gasparini GL, et al. Is bare-metal stenting superior to balloon angioplasty for small vessel coronary artery disease? Evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2005;26:881–9.
    Crossref | PubMed
  14. Kirtane AJ, Gupta A, Iyengar S, et al. Safety and efficacy of drug-eluting and bare metal stents: comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized trials and observational studies. Circulation 2009;119:3198–206.
    Crossref | PubMed
  15. Stettler C, Wandel S, Allemann S, et al. Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: a collaborative network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;370:937–48.
    Crossref | PubMed
  16. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA, et al. One-year clinical r esults with the slow-release, polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting TAXUS stent: the TAXUS-IV trial. Circulation 2004;109:1942–7.
    Crossref | PubMed
  17. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cannon L, et al. Comparison of a polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent with a bare metal stent in patients with complex coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294:1215–23.
    Crossref | PubMed
  18. Dawkins KD, Grube E, Guagliumi G, et al. Clinical efficacy of polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents in the treatment of complex, long coronary artery lesions from a multicenter, randomized trial: support for the use of drug-eluting stents in contemporary clinical practice. Circulation 2005;112:3306–13.
    Crossref | PubMed
  19. Briguori C, Sarais C, Pagnotta P, et al. In-stent restenosis in small coronary arteries: impact of strut thickness. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:403–9.
    Crossref | PubMed
  20. Giannini F, Latib A, Colombo A. Paclitaxel-eluting balloons or paclitaxel-eluting stents for the treatment of small-vessel coronary artery disease? Interv Cardiol (Lond) 2013;5:137.
    PubMed
  21. Maluenda G, Lemesle G, Waksman R. A critical appraisal of the safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009;85:474–80.
    Crossref | PubMed
  22. Finn AV, Nakazawa G, Joner M, et al. Vascular responses to drug eluting stents: importance of delayed healing. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:1500–10.
    Crossref | PubMed
  23. Byrne RA, Joner M, Kastrati A. Polymer coatings and delayed arterial healing following drug-eluting stent implantation. Minerva Cardioangiol 2009;57:567–84.
    PubMed
  24. Togni M, Windecker S, Cocchia R, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents associated with paradoxic coronary vasoconstriction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:231–6.
    Crossref | PubMed
  25. Godino C, Furuichi S, Latib A, et al. Clinical and angiographic follow-up of small vessel lesions treated with paclitaxel-eluting stents (from the TRUE Registry). Am J Cardiol 2008;102:1002–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  26. Mehilli J, Dibra A, Kastrati A, et al. Randomized trial of paclitaxel- and sirolimus-eluting stents in small coronary vessels. Eur Heart J 2006;27:260–6.
    Crossref | PubMed
  27. Lee CW, Suh J, Lee SW, et al. Factors predictive of cardiac events and restenosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in small coronary arteries. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007;69:821–5.
    Crossref | PubMed
  28. Togni M, Eber S, Widmer J, et al. Impact of vessel size on outcome after implantation of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents: a subgroup analysis of the SIRTAX trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1123–31.
    Crossref | PubMed
  29. Machecourt J, Danchin N, Lablanche JM, et al. Risk factors for stent thrombosis after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: the EVASTENT Matched-Cohort Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:501–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  30. Bangalore S, Toklu B, Patel N, Feit F, Stone GW. Newer-generation ultrathin strut drug-eluting stents versus older second-generation thicker strut drug-eluting stents for coronary artery disease: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Circulation 2018;138:2216–26.
    Crossref | PubMed
  31. Chitkara K, Gershlick A. Second versus first-generation drug-eluting stents. J Interv Cardiol 2010;5:23–6.
    PubMed
  32. Leon MB, Mauri L, Popma JJ, et al. A randomized comparison of the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent versus the TAXUS paclitaxel-eluting stent in de novo native coronary lesions 12–month outcomes from the ENDEAVOR IV trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:543–54.
    Crossref | PubMed
  33. Stone GW, Rizvi A, Newman W, et al. Everolimus-eluting versus paclitaxel-eluting stents in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1663–74.
    Crossref | PubMed
  34. Wykrzykowska JJ, Serruys PW, Onuma Y, et al. Impact of vessel size on angiographic and clinical outcomes of revascularization with biolimus-eluting stent with biodegradable polymer and sirolimus-eluting stent with durable polymer the LEADERS trial substudy. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009;2:861–70.
    Crossref | PubMed
  35. Price MJ, Saito S, Shlofmitz RA, et al. First report of the resolute onyx 2.0-mm zotarolimus-eluting stent for the treatment of coronary lesions with very small reference vessel diameter. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017;10:1381–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  36. Mauri L, Orav EJ, O’Malley AJ, et al. Relationship of late loss in lumen diameter to coronary restenosis in sirolimus-eluting stents. Circulation 2005;111:321–7.
    Crossref | PubMed
  37. Cannon LA, Simon DI, Kereiakes D, et al. The XIENCE nano everolimus eluting coronary stent system for the treatment of small coronary arteries: the SPIRIT Small Vessel trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012;80:546–53.
    Crossref | PubMed
  38. Hermiller JB, Rutledge DR, Mao VW, et al. Clinical outcomes in real‐world patients with small vessel disease treated with XIENCE V® everolimus‐eluting stents: one year results from the XIENCE V® USA condition of approval post‐market study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014;84:7–16.
    Crossref | PubMed
  39. Jeger R, Pfisterer M, Pfister O, et al. First-generation paclitaxel- vs second-generation zotarolimus-eluting stents in small coronary arteries: the BASKET-SMALL Pilot Study. Postepy Kardiol Interwencyjnej 2016;12:314.
    Crossref | PubMed
  40. Jinnouchi H, Kuramitsu S, Shinozaki T, et al. Two‐year clinical outcomes of the NOBORI biolimus‐eluting stents versus XIENCE/PROMUS everolimus‐eluting stents in small vessel disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016;88:E132–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  41. Tepe G, Zeller T, Albrecht T, et al. Local delivery of paclitaxel to inhibit restenosis during angioplasty of the leg. N Engl J Med 2008;358:689–99.
    Crossref | PubMed
  42. Micari A, Cioppa A, Vadala G, et al. Clinical evaluation of a paclitaxel-eluting balloon for treatment of femoropopliteal arterial disease: 12–month results from a multicenter Italian registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012;5:331–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  43. Scheller B, Hehrlein C, Bocksch W, et al. Treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2113–24.
    Crossref | PubMed
  44. Cai JZ, Zhu YX, Wang XY, et al. Comparison of new-generation drug-eluting stents versus drug-coated balloon for in-stent restenosis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2018;8(2):e017231.
    Crossref | PubMed
  45. Stella PR, Belkacemi A, Waksman R, et al. The Valentines Trial: results of the first one week worldwide multicentre enrolment trial, evaluating the real world usage of the second generation DIOR paclitaxel drug-eluting balloon for in-stent restenosis treatment. EuroIntervention 2011;7:705–10.
    Crossref | PubMed
  46. Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, et al. 2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). EuroIntervention 2015;10:1024–94.
    Crossref | PubMed
  47. Waksman R, Serra A, Loh JP, et al. Drug-coated balloons for de novo coronary lesions: results from the Valentines II trial. EuroIntervention 2013;9:613–9.
    Crossref | PubMed
  48. Kleber FX, Schulz A, Waliszewski M, et al. Local paclitaxel induces late lumen enlargement in coronary arteries after balloon angioplasty. Clin Res Cardiol 2015;104:217–25.
    Crossref | PubMed
  49. Liu L, Liu B, Ren J, et al. Comparison of drug-eluting balloon versus drug-eluting stent for treatment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018;18:46.
    Crossref | PubMed
  50. Belkacemi A, Agostoni P, Nathoe HM, et al. First results of the DEB-AMI (drug eluting balloon in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) trial: a multicenter randomized comparison of drug-eluting balloon plus bare-metal stent versus bare-metal stent versus drug-eluting stent in primary percutaneous coronary intervention with 6–month angiographic, intravascular, functional, and clinical outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:2327–37.
    Crossref | PubMed
  51. Megaly M, Rofael M, Saad M, et al. Outcomes with drug-coated balloons for treating the side branch of coronary bifurcation lesions. J Invasive Cardiol 2018;30:393–9" target="_blank">Crossref | PubMed
  52. Cortese B, Dani S, Parikh K, et al. TCTAP A-041 Safety and efficacy of sirolimus coated balloon for the treatment of coronary small vessel disease: results from Real World Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:S20.
    PubMed
  53. Parikh KH, Parikh P, Bhatt P, et al. Real world clinical outcomes of sirolimus coated balloon in coronary artery lesions: results from single centre study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:A1112.
    PubMed
  54. Speck U, Stolzenburg N, Peters D, Scheller B. How does a drug-coated balloon work? Overview of coating technologies and their impact. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2016;57:3–11.
    PubMed
  55. Bukka M, Rednam PJ, Sinha M. Drug-eluting balloon: design, technology and clinical aspects. Biomed Mater 2018;13:032001.
    Crossref | PubMed
  56. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2019;40:87–165.
    Crossref | PubMed
  57. Bondesson P, Lagerqvist B, James SK, et al. Comparison of two drug-eluting balloons: a report from the SCAAR registry. EuroIntervention 2012;8:444–9.
    Crossref | PubMed
  58. Rosenfield K, Duda S. Defining the next generation of drug-coated balloon technology. Endovascular Today September 2010. Available at: https://evtoday.com/2010/09/defining-the-next-generation-of-drug-coated-... (accessed February 5, 2019).
  59. Kleber F, Scheller B, Ong P, et al. TCT-776 Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-coated balloon implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:B309–10.
    PubMed
  60. Richelsen RK, Overvad TF, Jensen SE. Drug-eluting balloons in the treatment of coronary de novo lesions: a comprehensive review. Cardiol Ther 2016;5:133–60.
    Crossref | PubMed
  61. Ann SH, Balbir Singh G, Lim KH, et al. Anatomical and physiological changes after paclitaxel-coated balloon for atherosclerotic de novo coronary lesions: serial IVUS-VH and FFR study. PLoS One 2016;11:e0147057.
    Crossref | PubMed
  62. Patel S, Svermova T, Burke-Gaffney A, Bogle RG. Drug-eluting balloons with provisional bail-out or adjunctive stenting in de novo coronary artery lesions – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018;8:121–36.
    Crossref | PubMed
  63. Unverdorben M, Kleber FX, Heuer H, et al. Treatment of small coronary arteries with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter. Clin Res Cardiol 2010;99:165–74.
    Crossref | PubMed
  64. Benezet J, Gutierrez-Barrios A, Agarrado A, et al. Paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty for de novo coronary lesions: a long-term follow-up study. Minerva Cardioangiol 2016;64:15–22.
    PubMed
  65. Unverdorben M, Kleber FX, Heuer H, et al. Treatment of small coronary arteries with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter in the PEPCAD I study: are lesions clinically stable from 12 to 36 months? EuroIntervention 2013;9:620–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  66. Vaquerizo B, Miranda-Guardiola F, Fernandez E, et al. Treatment of small vessel disease with the paclitaxel drug-eluting balloon: 6–month angiographic and 1–year clinical outcomes of the Spanish Multicenter Registry. J Interv Cardiol 2015;28:430–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  67. Cortese B, Micheli A, Picchi A, et al. Paclitaxel-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent during PCI of small coronary vessels, a prospective randomised clinical trial. The PICCOLETO study. Heart 2010;96:1291–6.
    Crossref | PubMed
  68. Latib A, Colombo A, Castriota F, et al. A randomized multicenter study comparing a paclitaxel drug-eluting balloon with a paclitaxel-eluting stent in small coronary vessels: the BELLO (Balloon Elution and Late Loss Optimization) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:2473–80.
    Crossref | PubMed
  69. Latib A, Ruparelia N, Menozzi A, et al. 3–year follow-up of the Balloon Elution and Late Loss Optimization study (BELLO). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8:1132–4.
    Crossref | PubMed
  70. Siontis GC, Piccolo R, Praz F, et al. Percutaneous coronary interventions for the treatment of stenoses in small coronary arteries: a network meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016;9:1324–34.
    Crossref | PubMed
  71. Sim H, Ananthakrishna R, Chan S, et al. Treatment of very small de novo coronary artery disease with 2.0 mm drug-coated balloons showed 1–year clinical outcome comparable with 2.0 mm drug-eluting stents. J Invasive Cardiol 2018;30(7):256–61.
    PubMed
  72. Sinaga DA, Ho HH, Watson TJ, et al. Drug-coated balloons: a safe and effective alternative to drug-eluting stents in small vessel coronary artery disease. J Interv Cardiol 2016;29:454–60.
    Crossref | PubMed
  73. Jeger RV, Farah A, Ohlow MA, et al. Drug-coated balloons for small coronary artery disease (BASKET-SMALL 2): an open-label randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018;392:849–56.
    Crossref | PubMed
  74. Tang Y, Qiao S, Su X, et al. Drug-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent for small-vessel disease: the RESTORE SVD china randomized trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018;11:2381–92.
    Crossref | PubMed
  75. Megaly M, Rofael M, Saad M, et al. Outcomes with drug-coated balloons in small-vessel coronary artery disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2018;November 29.
    Crossref | PubMed
  76. Funatsu A, Nakamura S, Inoue N, et al. A multicenter randomized comparison of paclitaxel-coated balloon with plain balloon angioplasty in patients with small vessel disease. Clin Res Cardiol 2017;106:824–32.
    Crossref | PubMed